The Era Before The Indonesian Independence

History before Indonesia's independence was marred by a "culture of corruption-tradition" the never ending because it is driven by motives of power, wealth and women. We can menyirnak how the tradition of corruption and the struggle interwoven berkelin kekusaan in the Kingdom Singosari (up to seven descendants fought each other revenge kekusaan: Anusopati-Tohjoyo-Ranggawuni-Mahesa Wongateleng and so on), Majapahit (uprising Kuti, Narnbi, Suro and others) , Demak (Joko Tingkir with Haryo Penangsang), Banten (Sultan Haji usurp the throne from his father, Sultan Ageng Tirtoyoso), people's resistance against the Dutch and so on until terjadfnya several times a transition of power in the archipelago has been coloring History of Corruption and Power in Indonesia.
Generally, the historian of Indonesia has not examine the economic reasons why they were all fighting for power. Politically it has been more widely discussed, but the economic motive - to enrich personal and family among the nobility - has not appeared on the surface of the "Face of Indonesia's history."
Actually, the destruction of large empires (Sriwijaya, Majapahit and Mataram) is due to corrupt behavior of most of the nobleman. Sriwijaya known to end up because there is no substitute or successor to the kingdom after the death of Bala-son of the god. Majapahit known destroyed because of civil war (war paregreg) after the death of Supreme Patih Gajah Mada. While Mataram increasingly weak and had no teeth because it is broken apart and stripped down by the Dutch fangs.
In 1755 with the Treaty Giyanti, VOC rnemecah Mataram into two powers of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Surakarta Kasunanan. Then in 1757/1758 Kasunanan Surakarta VOC split into two areas namely power and Mangkunegaran Kasunanan Surakarta. Only in a few years later the Sultanate of Yogyakarta was also divided into Yogyakarta Sultanate and Pakualaman.
It is true that the cause of rupture and the weakness of Mataram better known because of factors outside intervention, the intervention of the VOC in the kingdom of Mataram. But if it's adayang easily observed that the main cause of a foreign nation (the Netherlands) was able to colonize Indonesia around 350 years (National Historical version?), More because of the behavior of the corrupt aristocratic elite, preferring to enrich personal and family, lack of priority aspects of moral education, less attention "character building", ignoring the law let alone democracy Moreover, most residents in the archipelago are poor, easily instigated provocation or easily ingested the more severe issues and easily pitted sheep.
Netherlands fully understand the root of "corrupt culture" that thrives on the Indonesian nation, then through politics "Divide et impera" they easily conquered the archipelago! Yet, somehow History of Nusantara in the presence and penetration of Western intervention, apparently not much more severe and full of acts of fraud, endless power struggles, and "integration" as it is now. Gelaja corruption and irregularities kekusaan at that time still dominated by the nobility, sultan and the king, while the little people almost "not familiar" or not understood.
Behavior "corrupt" is not only dominated by the society archipelago alone, apparently the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch were fond of "corrupt" treasures Korpsnya, institution or government. We also know that the cause of the collapse of the VOC destroyed and also due to corruption. More than 200 people gathering in Batavia Contingenten Liverantie and corrupt caught and sent back to Holland. More than hundreds or even if expected to include an unknown by the leader of the Dutch almost reach thousands of Dutch people also liked to corrupt.
In the book History of Java by Thomas Stanford Raffles (Governor General of the British who ruled the island of Java in 1811-1816), first published in 1816, receives an "extraordinary" both among the local nobility or indigenous Javanese and Western nations. The book describes a very broad cultural aspects include the situation of geography, the names of areas, ports, mountains, rivers, lakes, climate, minerals, flora and fauna, the character and composition of the population, the influence of foreign cultures and others.
Interesting stuff in that book is the discussion around the character of the Javanese population. Java resident described as "nrimo" or resignation of the state. However, on the other hand, have a desire to be more appreciated by others. No, frankly, like to sweep under the carpet, and includes taking something or an opportunity for profit at a time when other people do not know.
It is the existence rnenarik nobleman who likes to accumulate wealth, preserve their relatives (courtiers) courtiers who generally prefer to receive or seek the attention of his employer. Consequently, the courtiers would rather seek the face or behave opportunistically. In the elite of the kingdom, the king would rather flattered, dihorrnati, appreciated and do not like to accept criticism and suggestions. Criticism and suggestions disarnpaikan publicly viewed more as a challenge or opposition to his rule. Therefore, the culture of power in the archipelago (especially Java) tend to be authoritarian. Emitter economic aspects, the king and the circle of the nobility dominated the economic resources in society. People are generally "left" poor, oppressed, subject to and must obey what is said, will or will of the "ruler".
Culture is very closed and full of "keculasan" that helped nurture a "culture of corruption" in the archipelago. Not infrequently courtiers also did "corrupt" in taking a "tribute" (taxes) from the people that will be submitted to the Demat (headman) and then by Demat will be submitted to Turnenggung. Katemenggungan court employees in the district or provincial level are also corrupt (albeit slightly) the property will be submitted to the King or Sultan.
The reason they can corrupt, because the unit of account is not already standard, in addition to details of the goods taxed are also worthy of still vague. For example, the tribute imposed for agricultural products such as coconut, rice, coffee dn. But the size and standard tribute in some areas also vary both units of goods, volume and weight, let alone the price. Some of the reasons that encourage or cause the tax collectors tend to behave "force" the little people, on the other hand increase the "burdensome" people's obligations to the type or volume of commodities which must be submitted.
Habits take a "tribute" from the little people that made by King Java imitated by the Dutch when the master Nusantara (1800 - 1942) Period minus the UK (1811 - 1816), a result of policies that many people happen resistance-resistance against the Dutch. Call it like resistance Diponegoro (1825 -1830), Imam Bonjol (1821 - 1837), Aceh (1873 - 1904) and others. However, the sadder the oppression of the indigenous population (the people of Indonesia who colonized) was also conducted by the Indonesian people themselves. Call it like the case of fraud in the implementation of the System "Cuituur stelsel (CS)" which literally means the cultivation system. Although the main purpose of that system is the development of a culture of productive plants in the community so the results are able to improve the welfare of the people and contribute to the Cash Netherlands, but in reality it is very alarming.
The contents of the rules (or sound legal theory) in the CS is actually very "humane" and very "civilized", but the implementation or praktiknyalah very inhuman, like Dwang stelsel (DS), which means "Forcing System." That's why most of the lecturers, teachers or lecturers in Indonesian history to change the name CS into DS. replace the phrase "civilizing System" to "Planting Forced".