Post - Independence Era

How the history of a "Culture of Corruption" in particular can be explained? Actually, "Culture of Corruption" that has been ingrained since the early history of Indonesia begins as described in advance, apparently acting up again in the Era of Post-Independence Indonesia, both in the Era of the Old Order and New Order Era.
Pressure point in the issue of corruption is actually the community still do not see the seriousness of the government in an effort to combat corruption. Like a disease, actually already found the cause, but not a panacea to cure can be found.
In the era under the leadership of Sukarno, was recorded twice already established the Corruption Eradication Agency - Paran and Operations Budhi - but in fact the government at that time was half-hearted run it. Paran, short retooling Reform Committee established by the State of Emergency Act, chaired by Abdul Haris Nasution and is assisted by two members namely Prof. M. Yamin and Roeslan Abdulgani.
One of the tasks Paran time was for the government officials are required to fill out a form provided - a term now: a list of the wealth of state officials. In its development, then it turns out the liability form filling gets a strong reaction from the officials. They argue for the form was not submitted to Paran, but directly to the President.
Paran businesses finally have deadlocked because most officials hide behind the President. On the other hand, due to upheaval in these areas is heating up so the task of Paran finally handed back to the government (Cabinet Juan).
In 1963 through Presidential Decree No. 275 of 1963, re-intensified efforts to combat corruption. Nasution, who was then a Menkohankam / Kasab reappointed as chairman assisted by Wiryono Prodjodikusumo. Their job is more severe, namely forward corruption cases to court.
This institution later hah known as "Operation Budhi". The goal is the state enterprises and other state institutions that are considered vulnerable to corruption and collusion. Budhi operation was also encountered resistance. For example, to avoid inspection, Pertamina President requested the President to perform duties overseas, while the other directors refused to be examined with a pretext not yet received permission from superiors.
Within 3 months after surgery Budhi run, the state can be saved at approximately USD 11 billion, a significant amount for that period. Since it is considered disturbing the prestige of the President, finally Budhi discontinued operations. According Soebandrio in a meeting in Bogor, "the prestige of the President must be upheld above all other interests."
A few days later, Soebandrio mengumurnkan dissolution Paran / Operations Budhi which later changed its name to Kotrar (retooling Forces High Command Revolution) in which President Sukarno became its chairman and assisted by Soebandrio and Lt. Gen. Ahmad Yani. History then records the eradication of corruption in those days eventually stagnated.