Reform Era

If the New Order era and earlier "corruption" is mostly done by the elites of government, then in the Reform Era almost all elements of the state administration has been affected "Virus of Corruption" is very fierce. In the era of the New Order government, corruption is so entrenched, irrefutable truth. New Order which aims to straighten and make corrections to a total of Orla and implement Pancasila and Dud 1945 in a pure and consistent, but it is happening is the New Order after a long time also rnenjadi Old Order and Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution has never been purely diamalkan, except in "konkesuen "alias" gradually ".
Later, President BJ Habibie has issued Law No. 28 of 1999 on a clean state and free of corruption following the formation of new bodies such as commissions or KPKPN, Commission or the Ombudsman institution, the next president, Abdurrahman Wahid established the Joint Team for Corruption Eradication (TGPTPK .)
This body was formed by presidential decree in the Attorney General Marzuki Darusman and led by Chief Justice Andi Andojo, however in the spirit of the passionate to rnemberantas corruption of members of the team, through a judicial review of the Supreme Court, TGPTPK eventually disbanded. Since then, Indonesia has suffered a setback in the effort. eradication of corruption.
In addition to dissolve TGPTPK, Gus Dur is also considered part of society can not show the leadership that can support efforts to combat corruption. His penchant for meetings outside the presidential agenda even in places that are not appropriate in his capacity as president, gave birth to the public suspicion that Gus Dur is in the process of high-level bargaining.
The process of examining cases of alleged corruption involving the conglomerate Sofyan Wanandi terminated by Termination Warrant Investigation (SP3) from the Attorney General Marzuki Darusman. Finally, Gus Dur scourged Buloggate case. Gus Dur's resignation, Megan was replaced by what is called a political compromise. Admiral Sukardi as State Enterprises did not escape the talk of the community because of its policy to sell state assets.
In the Megawati administration, we also rnelihat with invisible legal authority of the slump, in which the striking of the power authority. Look at how easily can troubled conglomerate outwit law enforcement agencies by reason of medical treatment abroad. Giving SP3 for Prajogo Pangestu, Marimutu Sinivasan, Sjamsul Nursalim, The Nien King, escape from bondage execution Samadikun Hartono Supreme Court decision, granting facilities to the conglomerates that debt MSAA jam, be strong evidence that the elites of government is not serious in efforts to combat corruption, the Society considers that government is still giving protection to the big businessmen who postscript contributes to the bankruptcy of the national economy. Governments are increasingly lost prestige. Later cases also rampant corruption in the era of the Reformation Parliament.
What lessons can be drawn from this description? It turned out that efforts to combat corruption is not as easy as brought likkan hand. Corruption is not only impede the country's development process towards a better, namely to increase people's welfare and poverty alleviation. Powerlessness in the face of strong laws, plus the lack of commitment from government elites rnenjadi contributing factors why corruption still thrives in Indonesia. All because the law does not equal justice, the law of the human brain comes from the ruler, while the justice come from the hearts of the people. (Amanahonline)

New Order Era

At the state speech in front of members of parliament on 16 August 1967, Acting President Suharto blamed the Old Order regime that is not capable of eradicating corruption so that all economic and political policiesbased in the Palace. The speech signaled that Soeharto was determined to root out corruption to its roots. As a manifestation of the determination it was soon established the Corruption Eradication Team (TPK) chaired by the Attorney General.

Of 1970, driven by non-seriusan corruption in Suharto's commitment to combat corruption such as, studentand student conduct demonstrations to protest the presence of corruption. State enterprises such as Bulog, Pertamina, Ministry of Forestry highlighted many people because it is considered as a hotbed of corruption. The rise of a wave of protests and demonstrations by students, Suharto finally responded by forming afour-member Committee on old figures that are considered clean and respectable like Prof. Johannes, IJKasimo, Mr. and A Tjokroaminoto Wilopo. The main task is to clean them, among others, the Ministry of Religious Affairs, Bulog, CV Waringin, PT Mantrust, Telkom, and Pertamina. Kornite But this is only "toothless tiger" because of its findings about alleged corruption at Pertamina did not respond to the government.

When Admiral Sudomo appointed as Pangkopkamtib, established Opstib (Operation Code) derigan amongother tasks also combat corruption. This policy only gave birth to cynicism in the community. Shortlyafter Opstib formed, a difference of opinion when it arises quite sharply between Sudomo with Nasution. Itconcerns the selection of methods or ways of combating corruption, Nasution opinion if you want to succeedin combating corruption, it must begin from the top. Nasution also suggested to the Admiral Sudomo to startfrom him. Over time, Opstib is lost in the wind without a trace at all.

Post - Independence Era

How the history of a "Culture of Corruption" in particular can be explained? Actually, "Culture of Corruption" that has been ingrained since the early history of Indonesia begins as described in advance, apparently acting up again in the Era of Post-Independence Indonesia, both in the Era of the Old Order and New Order Era.
Pressure point in the issue of corruption is actually the community still do not see the seriousness of the government in an effort to combat corruption. Like a disease, actually already found the cause, but not a panacea to cure can be found.
In the era under the leadership of Sukarno, was recorded twice already established the Corruption Eradication Agency - Paran and Operations Budhi - but in fact the government at that time was half-hearted run it. Paran, short retooling Reform Committee established by the State of Emergency Act, chaired by Abdul Haris Nasution and is assisted by two members namely Prof. M. Yamin and Roeslan Abdulgani.
One of the tasks Paran time was for the government officials are required to fill out a form provided - a term now: a list of the wealth of state officials. In its development, then it turns out the liability form filling gets a strong reaction from the officials. They argue for the form was not submitted to Paran, but directly to the President.
Paran businesses finally have deadlocked because most officials hide behind the President. On the other hand, due to upheaval in these areas is heating up so the task of Paran finally handed back to the government (Cabinet Juan).
In 1963 through Presidential Decree No. 275 of 1963, re-intensified efforts to combat corruption. Nasution, who was then a Menkohankam / Kasab reappointed as chairman assisted by Wiryono Prodjodikusumo. Their job is more severe, namely forward corruption cases to court.
This institution later hah known as "Operation Budhi". The goal is the state enterprises and other state institutions that are considered vulnerable to corruption and collusion. Budhi operation was also encountered resistance. For example, to avoid inspection, Pertamina President requested the President to perform duties overseas, while the other directors refused to be examined with a pretext not yet received permission from superiors.
Within 3 months after surgery Budhi run, the state can be saved at approximately USD 11 billion, a significant amount for that period. Since it is considered disturbing the prestige of the President, finally Budhi discontinued operations. According Soebandrio in a meeting in Bogor, "the prestige of the President must be upheld above all other interests."
A few days later, Soebandrio mengumurnkan dissolution Paran / Operations Budhi which later changed its name to Kotrar (retooling Forces High Command Revolution) in which President Sukarno became its chairman and assisted by Soebandrio and Lt. Gen. Ahmad Yani. History then records the eradication of corruption in those days eventually stagnated.

Forms of CS Violation

1. Residents are required to plant a fifth of its land with crops sold in international markets (Coffee, Tobacco, Clove, Kina, Sugarcane and rice may also, not like before the population that prefers to be planted bananas, jengkol, vegetables, rice etc.). But the practice is being forced by the "Dutch Item" (Indonesian people who worked for the Netherlands) menjdi 2 / 5, 4 / 5 and there is a whole land is planted with Dutch favorite. 


2. Land planted to the (fifth) are free of taxes, but in practice the permanent residents are required to pay (although that often had not necessarily corrupt the Netherlands) 


3. Residents are not required to land rnempunyai work on plantations or Dutch company over the life of paddy (3.5 months).However, practically there are up to 1 year, 5 years, 10 years and some even to death. If anyone is arrested for daring to run away then it will get a caning (poenali sanctions).


4. If crops fail due to natural disasters (floods, landslides, earthquakes) so any loss would be borne by the government. But the practice in the field, permanent residents bear the brunt of it that counts the following year.


5. If there is excess production (over product) and exceeds the quota, then the excess will be refunded to residents. But the practice eaten by the "Dutch Item" or the collectors. 


6. CS implementation will be supervised directly by the Dutch.However, the implementation actually is mostly done by "Dutch Item" a character is sometimes far more cruel, ruthless and notkornpromi know. 

History Of Corruption In Indonesia

Corruption in Indonesia is 'entrenched' long ago, before and after independence, in the era of the Old Order, New Order, continued until the Reformation era. Various efforts have been made to eradicate corruption, but theresults are are still far from the truth .

Historians in Indonesia are generally less interested in studies focusing on economic history, particularly about the corruption associated with power by the nobles of the kingdom, empire, Dutch officials (Amtenaren andBinenland Bestuur) and the Dutch East Indies government itself. Historians are more interested in political history and social studies, whereas the impact of aspects of economic history, particularly in the "culture of corruption" that is ingrained able to influence and even change the map of politics, both in the local scale thescope of the royal in question or a large scale is systems and patterns of governance in this archipelago. The system and pattern with strong teaching "fraudulent conduct, deceitful, uncivilian, amoral, opportunisticand other" and causes a lot of the very tremendous tragedy.